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CSS

CSS Overview Selectors Declarations Rule Sets Comments Reset/Normalize Origin Importance Order Specificity Inheritance Cascade Layers Inline Styles Internal Styles External Styles @import Absolute Units Relative Units Dynamic Viewport Angle Units Time Units Frequency Units: Resolution Units Keywords Color Formats Color Functions & Spaces Background Color Background Image Background Repeat Background Position Background Size Background Attachment Background Shorthand Multiple Backgrounds Linear Gradients Radial Gradients Conic Gradients Font Family Font Size Font Weight Font Style Line Height Text Align Text Decoration Text Transform Letter Spacing Word Spacing Text Shadow Text Wrap Variable Fonts Content Box Padding Box Border Box Margin Box Box Sizing Property Margin Padding Border Outline Box Shadow Block Display Inline Display Inline Block Display Static Position Relative Position Absolute Position Fixed Position Sticky Position Top Element Position Right Element Position Bottom Element Position Left Element Position Z Index Flexbox Box Layout Display Flex Flex Direction Flex Wrap Justify Content Align Items Align Content Gap, Row Gap & Column Gap Flex Grow Flex Shrink Flex Basis Flex Shorthand Order Property Align Self Practical Applications CSS Grid Layout Grid Display Grid Template Columns Grid Template Rows Grid Template Areas Justify Items Grid Auto Columns Justify Self Nested Grids Responsive Web Design Min Width Max Width Orientation Logical Operators Pointer Hover Prefers Color Scheme Fluid Images Flexible Typography Viewport Width Advanced CSS Features Defining variables Using variables Scope & Inheritance of CSS Variables Property Value Fallback Practical Applications :Hover :Active :Focus :Focus Visible :Visited :Link :First Child :Last Child :Nth Child :Nth of Type :Empty :Checked :Disabled :Enabled :Valid :Invalid :Required :Has :Not :Is :Where ::Before Pseudo Element ::After Pseudo Element ::First Letter ::First Line ::Selection ::Marker CSS 2D Transformations CSS 3D Transformations Transform Origin Transform Style Backface Visibility Transition Property Transition Duration Transition Timing Function Transition Delay Transition Shorthand Ease Timing Function Linear Timing Function Ease In Timing Function Ease Out Timing Function Ease In Out Timing Function Cubic Bezier Function Animations (@keyframes) Defining @keyframes Animation Name CSS Animation Duration Animation Timing Function CSS Animation Delay CSS Animation Iteration Count Animations Direction CSS Animation Fill Mode CSS Animation Play State CSS Filter Blur CSS Filter Brightness CSS Filter Contrast() CSS Drop Shadow CSS Grayscale CSS Hue Rotate CSS Invert CSS Opacity CSS Saturate CSS Sepia Mix Blend Mode Background Blend Mode Object Fit & Object Position Scroll Snap Type Scroll Snap Align Scroll Padding Scroll Margin Scroll Triggered Animations JS Variables

:Has

The CSS :has() pseudo-class, often referred to as the "parent selector," represents a significant advancement in CSS. It allows you to select an element based on the presence, or even the state, of its descendants. This means you can style a parent element or a preceding sibling element by checking for specific elements or conditions within it, which was previously impossible with CSS alone.

Example 1: Basic Parent Selection

/* Selects an article element that contains a p element */
article:has(p) {
  border: 2px solid steelblue;
  padding: 1rem;
}

Explanation

This code targets any <article> element that has at least one <p> element as a descendant. It then applies a border and padding to that <article>, visually highlighting it.

Example 2: Styling Based on a Specific Child

/* Selects a div that has an h2 with the class .title */
div:has(h2.title) {
  background-color: #f0f8ff;
}

Explanation

Here, the selector targets a <div> only if it contains an <h2> element that also has a class of .title. This allows for conditional styling of a container based on its specific content.

Example 3: Form Validation Styling

/* Selects a form-group that contains an invalid input */
.form-group:has(input:invalid) {
  background-color: #ffebee;
  border-left: 5px solid #c62828;
}

Explanation

This example showcases how :has() can be used for dynamic form styling. It selects the parent .form-group and applies a distinct style if any <input> element within it is in an :invalid state.

Example 4: Sibling Selection with :has()

/* Selects an h1 that is followed by a p element */
h1:has(+ p) {
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

Explanation

The :has() pseudo-class can be combined with sibling combinators. This code selects an <h1> element only if it is immediately followed by a <p> element and reduces its bottom margin.

Example 5: Multiple Conditions

/* Selects a figure that contains both an image and a figcaption */
figure:has(img):has(figcaption) {
  text-align: center;
}

Explanation

You can chain :has() selectors to check for multiple conditions. This rule applies styles to a <figure> element only if it contains both an <img> and a <figcaption> element.

Example 6: Targeting Empty Elements

/* Selects a div that contains an empty p element */
div:has(p:empty) {
  display: none;
}

Explanation

This snippet demonstrates how to select a parent based on the state of a child. It targets any <div> that contains an empty <p> element and hides the <div> from view.

Example 7: Conditional Layout Changes

/* Selects a card container and changes its layout if it has more than 3 items */
.card-container:has(.card:nth-child(n+4)) {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
  gap: 1rem;
}

Explanation

This advanced example makes the layout of a .card-container responsive to the number of .card elements it contains. If there are four or more cards, it switches to a two-column grid layout.